Interest Rates Bank of Japan Inflation Inflation Targeting Federal Reserve Policy Normalization Foreign Exchange Reserves Asset Allocation Short-term Interest Rate Government Bond Yield European Central Bank Bank of England Interest Rate People's Bank of China Interest Rate Hikes Central Banks Currency Management Rate Cuts Challenges Effectiveness Concerns Turkey's Central Bank Tightening Policies ETF Purchases Negative Interest Rates Bond Buying Negative Interest Rate Policy Balance Sheet Reduction Quantitative Tightening Government Bonds Yield Curve Control Bond Markets US-Europe Monetary Policy Divergence